plates and mandrels. other accessories, steadies and centres. 9.5 Shaping Machines - Types of shapers: swivel, tilting and universal table - Parts of a shaping machine and their functions Pedestal, ram, saddle, table and driving mechanism. - Cutting tools materials and holders. 9.6 Cutting lubricants and coolants (soluble oil, straightcutting oil, soda solution). 9.7 Care, maintenance and safety precautions.

Shaping machines are power tools used to cut and shape metal into desired forms. The main parts working together are the pedestal (the base), the ram (which moves back and forth), the saddle (holds the workpiece), and the table (where metal sits). These parts function like a team - while the ram holds the cutting tool and moves horizontally, the table can swivel, tilt, or move universally depending on the machine type, allowing different angles of cuts.

Common turning operations include knurling (creating patterns on cylindrical surfaces), vee thread-cutting (making V-shaped grooves), and parting off (cutting the finished piece from the raw material). In Nigerian machine shops, you'll find shapers used to create flat surfaces on engine blocks and industrial parts.

Using proper cutting lubricants like soluble oil and straightcutting oil reduces friction and heat, extending tool life. Always wear safety gear and follow maintenance schedules religiously.